Intro to Plotting

Overview

Teaching: 15 min
Exercises: 10 min

Questions

• How do I plot my data?

• How can I plot summaries of my data?

Objectives

• Learn how to make basic plots with ggplot2

• Learn how to combine dplyr summaries with ggplot2 plots

Note to instructors: please choose the relevant Network below when teaching

ACT Node

Background

Now that we have learned how to import, inspect, and manipulate our data, we are next going to learn how to visualize it. R provides a robust plotting suite in the library ggplot2. ggplot2 takes advantage of tidyverse pipes and chains of data manipulation to build plotting code. Additionally, it separates the aesthetics of the plot (what are we plotting) from the styling of the plot (what the plot looks like). What this means is that data aesthetics and styles can be built separately and then combined and recombined to produce modular, reusable plotting code. If ggplot seems daunting, the cheat sheet may prove useful.

While ggplot2 function calls can look daunting at first, they follow a single formula, detailed below.

#Anything within <> braces will be replaced in an actual function call.
ggplot(data = <DATA>, mapping = aes(<MAPPINGS>)) + <GEOM_FUNCTION>

In the above example, there are three important parts: <DATA>, <MAPPINGS>, and <GEOM_FUNCTION>.

<DATA> refers to the data that we’ll be plotting. In general, this will be held in a dataframe like the one we prepared in the previous lessons.

<MAPPINGS> refers to the aesthetic mappings for the data- that is, which columns in the data will be used to determine which attributes of the graph. For example, if you have columns for latitude and longitude, you may want to map these onto the X and Y axes of the graph. We’ll cover how to do exactly that in a moment.

Finally, <GEOM_FUNCTION> refers to the style of the plot: what type of plot are we going to make. GEOM is short for “geometry” and ggplot2 contains many different ‘geom’ functions that you can use. For this lesson, we’ll be using geom_point(), which produces a scatterplot, but in the future you may want to use geom_path(), geom_bar(), geom_boxplot() or any of ggplots other geom functions. Remember, since these are functions, you can use the help syntax (i.e ?geom_point) in the R console to find out more about them and what you need to pass to them.

Now that we’ve introduced ggplot2, let’s build a functional example with our data.

# Begin by importing the ggplot2 library, which you should have installed as part of setup.
library(ggplot2)

# Build the plot and assign it to a variable.
proj58_matched_full_plot <- ggplot(data = proj58_matched_full,
                  mapping = aes(x = longitude, y = latitude)) #can assign a base

With a couple of lines of code, we’ve already mostly completed a simple scatter plot of our data. The ‘data’ parameter takes our dataframe, and the mapping parameter takes the output of the aes() function, which itself takes a mapping of our data onto the axes of the graph. That can be a bit confusing, so let’s briefly break this down. aes() is short for ‘aesthetics’- the function constructs the aesthetic mappings of our data, which describe how variables in the data are mapped to visual properties of the plot. For example, above, we are setting the ‘x’ attribute to ‘longitude’, and the ‘y’ attribute to latitude. This means that the X axis of our plot will represent longitude, and the Y axis will represent latitude. Depending on the type of plot you’re making, you may want different values there, and different types of geom functions can require different aesthetic mappings (colour, for example, is another common one). You can always type ?aes() at the console if you want more information.

We still have one step to add to our plotting code: the geom function. We’ll be making a scatterplot, so we want to use geom_point().

proj58_matched_full_plot +
  geom_point(alpha=0.1,
             colour = "blue")
#This will layer our chosen geom onto our plot template.
#alpha is a transparency argument in case points overlap. Try alpha = 0.02 to see how it works!

With just the above code, we’ve added our geom to our aesthetic and made our plot ready for display. We’ve built only a very simple plot here, but ggplot2 provides many, many options for building more complex, illustrative plots.

Basic plots

As a minor syntactic note, you can build your plots iteratively, without assigning them to a variable in-between. For this, we make use of tidyverse pipes.

proj58_matched_full %>%  
  ggplot(aes(longitude, latitude)) +
  geom_point() #geom = the type of plot

proj58_matched_full %>%  
  ggplot(aes(longitude, latitude, colour = commonname)) +
  geom_point()


#anything you specify in the aes() is applied to the actual data points/whole plot,
#anything specified in geom() is applied to that layer only (colour, size...). sometimes you have >1 geom layer so this makes more sense!

You can see that all we need to do to make this work is omit the ‘data’ parameter, since that’s being passed in by the pipe. Note also that we’ve added colour = commonname to the second plot’s aesthetic, meaning that the output will be coloured based on the species of the animal (if there is more than one included).

Remembering which of the aes or the geom controls which variable can be difficult, but here’s a handy rule of thumb: anything specified in aes() will apply to the data points themselves, or the whole plot. They are broad statements about how the plot is to be displayed. Anything in the geom_ function will apply only to that geom_ layer. Keep this in mind, since it’s possible for your plot to have more than one geom_!

Plotting and dplyr Challenge

Try combining with dplyr functions in this challenge! Try making a scatterplot showing the lat/long for animal “PROJ58-1218515-2015-10-13”, coloured by detection array

Solution

proj58_matched_full %>%  
 filter(catalognumber=="PROJ58-1218515-2015-10-13") %>%
 ggplot(aes(longitude, latitude, colour = detectedby)) +
 geom_point()

What other geoms are there? Try typing geom_ into R to see what it suggests!

FACT Node

Background

Now that we have learned how to import, inspect, and manipulate our data, we are next going to learn how to visualize it. R provides a robust plotting suite in the library ggplot2. ggplot2 takes advantage of tidyverse pipes and chains of data manipulation to build plotting code. Additionally, it separates the aesthetics of the plot (what are we plotting) from the styling of the plot (what the plot looks like). What this means is that data aesthetics and styles can be built separately and then combined and recombined to produce modular, reusable plotting code. If ggplot seems daunting, the cheat sheet may prove useful.

While ggplot2 function calls can look daunting at first, they follow a single formula, detailed below.

#Anything within <> braces will be replaced in an actual function call.
ggplot(data = <DATA>, mapping = aes(<MAPPINGS>)) + <GEOM_FUNCTION>

In the above example, there are three important parts: <DATA>, <MAPPINGS>, and <GEOM_FUNCTION>.

<DATA> refers to the data that we’ll be plotting. In general, this will be held in a dataframe like the one we prepared in the previous lessons.

<MAPPINGS> refers to the aesthetic mappings for the data- that is, which columns in the data will be used to determine which attributes of the graph. For example, if you have columns for latitude and longitude, you may want to map these onto the X and Y axes of the graph. We’ll cover how to do exactly that in a moment.

Finally, <GEOM_FUNCTION> refers to the style of the plot: what type of plot are we going to make. GEOM is short for “geometry” and ggplot2 contains many different ‘geom’ functions that you can use. For this lesson, we’ll be using geom_point(), which produces a scatterplot, but in the future you may want to use geom_path(), geom_bar(), geom_boxplot() or any of ggplots other geom functions. Remember, since these are functions, you can use the help syntax (i.e ?geom_point) in the R console to find out more about them and what you need to pass to them.

Now that we’ve introduced ggplot2, let’s build a functional example with our data.

# Begin by importing the ggplot2 library, which you should have installed as part of setup.
library(ggplot2)

# Build the plot and assign it to a variable.
tqcs_10_11_plot <- ggplot(data = tqcs_matched_10_11,
                          mapping = aes(x = longitude, y = latitude)) #can assign a base

With a couple of lines of code, we’ve already mostly completed a simple scatter plot of our data. The ‘data’ parameter takes our dataframe, and the mapping parameter takes the output of the aes() function, which itself takes a mapping of our data onto the axes of the graph. That can be a bit confusing, so let’s briefly break this down. aes() is short for ‘aesthetics’- the function constructs the aesthetic mappings of our data, which describe how variables in the data are mapped to visual properties of the plot. For example, above, we are setting the ‘x’ attribute to ‘longitude’, and the ‘y’ attribute to latitude. This means that the X axis of our plot will represent longitude, and the Y axis will represent latitude. Depending on the type of plot you’re making, you may want different values there, and different types of geom functions can require different aesthetic mappings (colour, for example, is another common one). You can always type ?aes() at the console if you want more information.

We still have one step to add to our plotting code: the geom function. We’ll be making a scatterplot, so we want to use geom_point().

tqcs_10_11_plot +
  geom_point(alpha=0.1,
             colour = "blue")  
#This will layer our chosen geom onto our plot template.
#alpha is a transparency argument in case points overlap. Try alpha = 0.02 to see how it works!

With just the above code, we’ve added our geom to our aesthetic and made our plot ready for display. We’ve built only a very simple plot here, but ggplot2 provides many, many options for building more complex, illustrative plots.

Basic plots

As a minor syntactic note, you can build your plots iteratively, without assigning them to a variable in-between. For this, we make use of tidyverse pipes.

tqcs_matched_10_11 %>%  
  ggplot(aes(longitude, latitude)) +
  geom_point() #geom = the type of plot

tqcs_matched_10_11 %>%  
  ggplot(aes(longitude, latitude, colour = commonname)) +
  geom_point()


#anything you specify in the aes() is applied to the actual data points/whole plot,
#anything specified in geom() is applied to that layer only (colour, size...). sometimes you have >1 geom layer so this makes more sense!

You can see that all we need to do to make this work is omit the ‘data’ parameter, since that’s being passed in by the pipe. Note also that we’ve added colour = commonname to the second plot’s aesthetic, meaning that the output will be coloured based on the species of the animal (if there is more than one included).

Remembering which of the aes or the geom controls which variable can be difficult, but here’s a handy rule of thumb: anything specified in aes() will apply to the data points themselves, or the whole plot. They are broad statements about how the plot is to be displayed. Anything in the geom_ function will apply only to that geom_ layer. Keep this in mind, since it’s possible for your plot to have more than one geom_!

Plotting and dplyr Challenge

Try combining with dplyr functions in this challenge! Try making a scatterplot showing the lat/long for animal “TQCS-1049258-2008-02-14”, coloured by detection array

Solution

tqcs_matched_10_11  %>%  
 filter(catalognumber=="TQCS-1049258-2008-02-14") %>%
 ggplot(aes(longitude, latitude, colour = detectedby)) +
 geom_point()

What other geoms are there? Try typing geom_ into R to see what it suggests!

GLATOS Network

Background

Now that we have learned how to import, inspect, and manipulate our data, we are next going to learn how to visualize it. R provides a robust plotting suite in the library ggplot2. ggplot2 takes advantage of tidyverse pipes and chains of data manipulation to build plotting code. Additionally, it separates the aesthetics of the plot (what are we plotting) from the styling of the plot (what the plot looks like). What this means is that data aesthetics and styles can be built separately and then combined and recombined to produce modular, reusable plotting code. If ggplot seems daunting, the cheat sheet may prove useful.

While ggplot2 function calls can look daunting at first, they follow a single formula, detailed below.

#Anything within <> braces will be replaced in an actual function call.
ggplot(data = <DATA>, mapping = aes(<MAPPINGS>)) + <GEOM_FUNCTION>

In the above example, there are three important parts: <DATA>, <MAPPINGS>, and <GEOM_FUNCTION>.

<DATA> refers to the data that we’ll be plotting. In general, this will be held in a dataframe like the one we prepared in the previous lessons.

<MAPPINGS>refers to the aesthetic mappings for the data- that is, which columns in the data will be used to determine which attributes of the graph. For example, if you have columns for latitude and longitude, you may want to map these onto the X and Y axes of the graph. We’ll cover how to do exactly that in a moment.

Finally, <GEOM_FUNCTION> refers to the style of the plot: what type of plot are we going to make. GEOM is short for “geometry” and ggplot2 contains many different ‘geom’ functions that you can use. For this lesson, we’ll be using geom_point(), which produces a scatterplot, but in the future you may want to use geom_path(), geom_bar(), geom_boxplot() or any of ggplots other geom functions. Remember, since these are functions, you can use the help syntax (i.e ?geom_point) in the R console to find out more about them and what you need to pass to them.

Now that we’ve introduced ggplot2, let’s build a functional example with our data.

# Begin by importing the ggplot2 library, which you should have installed as part of setup.
library(ggplot2)

# Build the plot and assign it to a variable.
lamprey_dets_plot <- ggplot(data = lamprey_dets,
                                   mapping = aes(x = deploy_long, y = deploy_lat)) #can assign a base

With a couple of lines of code, we’ve already mostly completed a simple scatter plot of our data. The ‘data’ parameter takes our dataframe, and the mapping parameter takes the output of the aes() function, which itself takes a mapping of our data onto the axes of the graph. That can be a bit confusing, so let’s briefly break this down. aes() is short for ‘aesthetics’- the function constructs the aesthetic mappings of our data, which describe how variables in the data are mapped to visual properties of the plot. For example, above, we are setting the ‘x’ attribute to ‘deploy_long’, and the ‘y’ attribute to ‘deploy_lat’. This means that the X axis of our plot will represent longitude, and the Y axis will represent latitude. Depending on the type of plot you’re making, you may want different values there, and different types of geom functions can require different aesthetic mappings (colour, for example, is another common one). You can always type ?aes() at the console if you want more information.

We still have one step to add to our plotting code: the geom function. We’ll be making a scatterplot, so we want to use geom_point().

lamprey_dets_plot +
  geom_point(alpha=0.1,
             colour = "blue")  
#This will layer our chosen geom onto our plot template.
#alpha is a transparency argument in case points overlap. Try alpha = 0.02 to see how it works!

With just the above code, we’ve added our geom to our aesthetic and made our plot ready for display. We’ve built only a very simple plot here, but ggplot2 provides many, many options for building more complex, illustrative plots.

Basic plots

As a minor syntactic note, you can build your plots iteratively, without assigning them to a variable in-between. For this, we make use of tidyverse pipes.

all_dets %>%  
  ggplot(aes(deploy_long, deploy_lat)) +
  geom_point() #geom = the type of plot

all_dets %>%  
  ggplot(aes(deploy_long, deploy_lat, colour = common_name_e)) +
  geom_point()


#anything you specify in the aes() is applied to the actual data points/whole plot,
#anything specified in geom() is applied to that layer only (colour, size...). sometimes you have >1 geom layer so this makes more sense!

You can see that all we need to do to make this work is omit the ‘data’ parameter, since that’s being passed in by the pipe. Note also that we’ve added colour = common_name_e to the second plot’s aesthetic, meaning that the output will be coloured based on the species of the animal.

Remembering which of the aes or the geom controls which variable can be difficult, but here’s a handy rule of thumb: anything specified in aes() will apply to the data points themselves, or the whole plot. They are broad statements about how the plot is to be displayed. Anything in the geom_ function will apply only to that geom_ layer. Keep this in mind, since it’s possible for your plot to have more than one geom_!

Plotting and dplyr Challenge

Try combining with dplyr functions in this challenge! Try making a scatterplot showing the lat/long for animal “A69-1601-1363”, coloured by detection array

Solution

all_dets  %>%  
 filter(animal_id=="A69-1601-1363") %>%
 ggplot(aes(deploy_long, deploy_lat, colour = glatos_array)) +
 geom_point()

What other geoms are there? Try typing geom_ into R to see what it suggests!

MigraMar Node

Background

Now that we have learned how to import, inspect, and manipulate our data, we are next going to learn how to visualize it. R provides a robust plotting suite in the library ggplot2. ggplot2 takes advantage of tidyverse pipes and chains of data manipulation to build plotting code. Additionally, it separates the aesthetics of the plot (what are we plotting) from the styling of the plot (what the plot looks like). What this means is that data aesthetics and styles can be built separately and then combined and recombined to produce modular, reusable plotting code. If ggplot seems daunting, the cheat sheet may prove useful.

While ggplot2 function calls can look daunting at first, they follow a single formula, detailed below.

#Anything within <> braces will be replaced in an actual function call.
ggplot(data = <DATA>, mapping = aes(<MAPPINGS>)) + <GEOM_FUNCTION>

In the above example, there are three important parts: <DATA>, <MAPPINGS>, and <GEOM_FUNCTION>.

<DATA> refers to the data that we’ll be plotting. In general, this will be held in a dataframe like the one we prepared in the previous lessons.

<MAPPINGS> refers to the aesthetic mappings for the data- that is, which columns in the data will be used to determine which attributes of the graph. For example, if you have columns for latitude and longitude, you may want to map these onto the X and Y axes of the graph. We’ll cover how to do exactly that in a moment.

Finally, <GEOM_FUNCTION> refers to the style of the plot: what type of plot are we going to make. GEOM is short for “geometry” and ggplot2 contains many different ‘geom’ functions that you can use. For this lesson, we’ll be using geom_point(), which produces a scatterplot, but in the future you may want to use geom_path(), geom_bar(), geom_boxplot() or any of ggplots other geom functions. Remember, since these are functions, you can use the help syntax (i.e ?geom_point) in the R console to find out more about them and what you need to pass to them.

Now that we’ve introduced ggplot2, let’s build a functional example with our data.

# Begin by importing the ggplot2 library, which you should have installed as part of setup.
library(ggplot2)

# Build the plot and assign it to a variable.
gmr_matched_18_19_plot <- ggplot(data = gmr_matched_18_19, 
                                   mapping = aes(x = longitude, y = latitude)) #can assign a base

With a couple of lines of code, we’ve already mostly completed a simple scatter plot of our data. The ‘data’ parameter takes our dataframe, and the mapping parameter takes the output of the aes() function, which itself takes a mapping of our data onto the axes of the graph. That can be a bit confusing, so let’s briefly break this down. aes() is short for ‘aesthetics’- the function constructs the aesthetic mappings of our data, which describe how variables in the data are mapped to visual properties of the plot. For example, above, we are setting the ‘x’ attribute to ‘longitude’, and the ‘y’ attribute to latitude. This means that the X axis of our plot will represent longitude, and the Y axis will represent latitude. Depending on the type of plot you’re making, you may want different values there, and different types of geom functions can require different aesthetic mappings (colour, for example, is another common one). You can always type ?aes() at the console if you want more information.

We still have one step to add to our plotting code: the geom function. We’ll be making a scatterplot, so we want to use geom_point().

gmr_matched_18_19_plot + 
  geom_point(alpha=0.1, 
             colour = "blue") 
#This will layer our chosen geom onto our plot template.
#alpha is a transparency argument in case points overlap. Try alpha = 0.02 to see how it works!

With just the above code, we’ve added our geom to our aesthetic and made our plot ready for display. We’ve built only a very simple plot here, but ggplot2 provides many, many options for building more complex, illustrative plots.

Basic plots

As a minor syntactic note, you can build your plots iteratively, without assigning them to a variable in-between. For this, we make use of tidyverse pipes.

gmr_matched_18_19 %>%  
  ggplot(aes(longitude, latitude)) +
  geom_point() #geom = the type of plot

gmr_matched_18_19 %>%  
  ggplot(aes(longitude, latitude, colour = commonname)) + 
  geom_point()

#anything you specify in the aes() is applied to the actual data points/whole plot,
#anything specified in geom() is applied to that layer only (colour, size...). sometimes you have >1 geom layer so this makes more sense!

You can see that all we need to do to make this work is omit the ‘data’ parameter, since that’s being passed in by the pipe. Note also that we’ve added colour = commonname to the second plot’s aesthetic, meaning that the output will be coloured based on the species of the animal (if there is more than one included).

Remembering which of the aes or the geom controls which variable can be difficult, but here’s a handy rule of thumb: anything specified in aes() will apply to the data points themselves, or the whole plot. They are broad statements about how the plot is to be displayed. Anything in the geom_ function will apply only to that geom_ layer. Keep this in mind, since it’s possible for your plot to have more than one geom_!

Plotting and dplyr Challenge

Try combining with dplyr functions in this challenge! Try making a scatterplot showing the lat/long for animal “GMR-25720-2014-01-18”, coloured by detection station

Solution

gmr_matched_18_19 %>%  
 filter(catalognumber=="GMR-25720-2014-01-18") %>%
 ggplot(aes(longitude, latitude, colour = station)) +
 geom_point()

What other geoms are there? Try typing geom_ into R to see what it suggests!

OTN Node

Background

Now that we have learned how to import, inspect, and manipulate our data, we are next going to learn how to visualize it. R provides a robust plotting suite in the library ggplot2. ggplot2 takes advantage of tidyverse pipes and chains of data manipulation to build plotting code. Additionally, it separates the aesthetics of the plot (what are we plotting) from the styling of the plot (what the plot looks like). What this means is that data aesthetics and styles can be built separately and then combined and recombined to produce modular, reusable plotting code. If ggplot seems daunting, the cheat sheet may prove useful.

While ggplot2 function calls can look daunting at first, they follow a single formula, detailed below.

#Anything within <> braces will be replaced in an actual function call.
ggplot(data = <DATA>, mapping = aes(<MAPPINGS>)) + <GEOM_FUNCTION>

In the above example, there are three important parts: <DATA>, <MAPPINGS>, and <GEOM_FUNCTION>.

<DATA> refers to the data that we’ll be plotting. In general, this will be held in a dataframe like the one we prepared in the previous lessons.

<MAPPINGS> refers to the aesthetic mappings for the data- that is, which columns in the data will be used to determine which attributes of the graph. For example, if you have columns for latitude and longitude, you may want to map these onto the X and Y axes of the graph. We’ll cover how to do exactly that in a moment.

Finally, <GEOM_FUNCTION> refers to the style of the plot: what type of plot are we going to make. GEOM is short for “geometry” and ggplot2 contains many different ‘geom’ functions that you can use. For this lesson, we’ll be using geom_point(), which produces a scatterplot, but in the future you may want to use geom_path(), geom_bar(), geom_boxplot() or any of ggplots other geom functions. Remember, since these are functions, you can use the help syntax (i.e ?geom_point) in the R console to find out more about them and what you need to pass to them.

Now that we’ve introduced ggplot2, let’s build a functional example with our data.

# Begin by importing the ggplot2 library, which you should have installed as part of setup.
library(ggplot2)

# Build the plot and assign it to a variable.
nsbs_matched_full_plot <- ggplot(data = nsbs_matched_full,
                  mapping = aes(x = longitude, y = latitude)) #can assign a base

With a couple of lines of code, we’ve already mostly completed a simple scatter plot of our data. The ‘data’ parameter takes our dataframe, and the mapping parameter takes the output of the aes() function, which itself takes a mapping of our data onto the axes of the graph. That can be a bit confusing, so let’s briefly break this down. aes() is short for ‘aesthetics’- the function constructs the aesthetic mappings of our data, which describe how variables in the data are mapped to visual properties of the plot. For example, above, we are setting the ‘x’ attribute to ‘longitude’, and the ‘y’ attribute to latitude. This means that the X axis of our plot will represent longitude, and the Y axis will represent latitude. Depending on the type of plot you’re making, you may want different values there, and different types of geom functions can require different aesthetic mappings (colour, for example, is another common one). You can always type ?aes() at the console if you want more information.

We still have one step to add to our plotting code: the geom function. We’ll be making a scatterplot, so we want to use geom_point().

nsbs_matched_full_plot +
  geom_point(alpha=0.1,
             colour = "blue")
#This will layer our chosen geom onto our plot template.
#alpha is a transparency argument in case points overlap. Try alpha = 0.02 to see how it works!

With just the above code, we’ve added our geom to our aesthetic and made our plot ready for display. We’ve built only a very simple plot here, but ggplot2 provides many, many options for building more complex, illustrative plots.

Basic plots

As a minor syntactic note, you can build your plots iteratively, without assigning them to a variable in-between. For this, we make use of tidyverse pipes.

nsbs_matched_full %>%  
  ggplot(aes(longitude, latitude)) +
  geom_point() #geom = the type of plot

nsbs_matched_full %>%  
  ggplot(aes(longitude, latitude, colour = commonname)) +
  geom_point()


#anything you specify in the aes() is applied to the actual data points/whole plot,
#anything specified in geom() is applied to that layer only (colour, size...). sometimes you have >1 geom layer so this makes more sense!

You can see that all we need to do to make this work is omit the ‘data’ parameter, since that’s being passed in by the pipe. Note also that we’ve added colour = commonname to the second plot’s aesthetic, meaning that the output will be coloured based on the species of the animal (if there is more than one included).

Remembering which of the aes or the geom controls which variable can be difficult, but here’s a handy rule of thumb: anything specified in aes() will apply to the data points themselves, or the whole plot. They are broad statements about how the plot is to be displayed. Anything in the geom_ function will apply only to that geom_ layer. Keep this in mind, since it’s possible for your plot to have more than one geom_!

Plotting and dplyr Challenge

Try combining with dplyr functions in this challenge! Try making a scatterplot showing the lat/long for animal “NSBS-1393332-2021-08-05”, coloured by detection array

Solution

nsbs_matched_full %>%  
 filter(catalognumber=="NSBS-1393332-2021-08-05") %>%
 ggplot(aes(longitude, latitude, colour = detectedby)) +
 geom_point()

What other geoms are there? Try typing geom_ into R to see what it suggests!

Key Points

• You can feed output from dplyr’s data manipulation functions into ggplot using pipes.

• Plotting various summaries and groupings of your data is good practice at the exploratory phase, and dplyr and ggplot make iterating different ideas straightforward.